IP-Nett *Nettverk *Datapakker *MAC Adresser *Modeller

INNEN PAKKESVITSJING HAR VI ULIKE BÅNDBREDDEBEHOV: Multicast (UDP) krever liten båndbredde. Flerstrøms Unicast (TCP) krever stor båndbredde.

DATAKOMMUNIKASJON *Nettverk *Datapakker *MAC Adresser *Modeller

Ethernet Ramme NORSK

Ethernet Frame ETHERTYPE: 0x0800 = IPv4, 0x0806 = ARP, 0x8100 = VLAN, 0x86DD = IPv6 1. OPPDAGER FEIL I PAKKA 2. TCP-GJENOPPRETTER VED Å SENDE PÅ NYTT 2. UDP-FORKASTER PAKKA

DATAKOMMUNIKASJON *Nettverk *Datapakker *MAC Adresser *Modeller

MAC 00:17:4F:08:5D:69

MAC address = 48 Bits A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment. MAC addresses are used as a network address in Ethernet.

MAC address

DATAKOMMUNIKASJON *Nettverk *Datapakker *MAC Adresser *Modeller

IP MAC

BROADCAST (IPv4) EN TIL ALLE PÅ EN GANG (ARP)

UNICAST (IPv4 – IPV6) EN TIL EN AV ALLE (HTTP, FTP…)

MULTICAST (IPv4 – IPV6) EN TIL FLERE PÅ EN GANG AV ALLE Netflix NRK VoD TV2 Sumo UNICAST = - Pause - Seek

ANYCAST (IPv6) EN I GANGEN TIL NOEN AV ALLE

GEOCAST MOBIL AD-HOC NETT EN TIL ALLE I REGIONEN

IP v. 4

What is IPv4 -- Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to to identify devices on a network through an of packet-switched computer communication networks (see RFC:791). IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses).  With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device -- including computers, smartphones and game consoles -- that connects to the Internet requires an address.

IPv4 - KLASSER

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing /XX) IP (Internet Protocol): 192.168.50.10 / 24 /24 Angir antall biter til Nett som her er 8x3=24 eller 255.255.255.0 PORTER IP (Internet Protocol): 193.69.165.21 :80 ELLER ‘ http://www.vg.no:80 DER :80 angir PORTEN

TCP (Transfer Contol Protocol). Denne er sikker da den har flytkontroll. Dette gjør den imidlertid litt tregere enn UDP. UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Denne er mer usikker enn TCP da den ikke har flytkontroll. Den er derimot raskere og brukes derfor til ukritisk trafikk som skal gå raskt, slik som streaming. Både TCP og UDP ligger på Lag 4 i OSI og kan bruke porter fra 0 til 65535. Konflikt unngås ved at tjenestene skal bruke riktige porter som er definert av IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). HVA ER EN PORT ? NB !! Tenk på serienummeret på din Satellit-tuner som IP-adressen og kanalene du tar imot som Portnummer.

IPv4 - KLASSE A 8*1=8 biter Nett HOST CIDR Klasse A 126 168 10 5 /8 Mask 255 8 11111111 00000000 8*1=8 biter

IPv4 - KLASSE B 8*2=16 Nett HOST CIDR Klasse B 128 168 10 5 /16 Mask 255 8 11111111 00000000 8*2=16

IPv4 - KLASSE C 8*3=24 Nett HOST CIDR Klasse C 192 168 10 5 /24 Mask 255 8 11111111 00000000 8*3=24

IPv4 – Subnett (oppdeling av maska) Nett/Host CIDR 192 168 10 5 /29 Mask 255 248 8 11111111 11111000 8*3+5=29 248 = 32 SUBNETT

På grunn av Nett ID og Broadcast ID kan kun 6 av 8 adresser brukes til Host

Lastes ned her: Elnikk.com/ip.zip

Kan disse to maskinene kommunisere med hverandre på Datalink-laget Kan disse to maskinene kommunisere med hverandre på Datalink-laget ? A: 192.168.10.5 /29 B: 192.168.10.9 /29

IPv4 – Subnett (oppdeling av maska) Nett/Host CIDR 192 168 10 5 /29 Mask 255 248 8 11111111 11111000 8*3+5=29

IPv4 – Supernetting = utviding av maska Nett/Host HOST CIDR 192 168 10 5 /23 Mask 255 254 8 7 11111111 11111110 00000000 8*2+7=23

Lastes ned her: Elnikk.com/ip.zip

Lag 2 Svitsj

ARP- Svitsj IPv4 (Unicast) Host 3 Svitsj 1 Host 1 F 0/1 F 0/3 F 0/2 Host 2 H1 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 192.168.1.2 S1 MAC TABELL MAC PORT H2 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 OSI MODELLEN LAG 7 – APPLIKASJONS LAG LAG 6 – PRESENTASJONS LAG LAG 5 – SESJONS LAG LAG 4 – TRANSPORT LAG LAG 3 – NETTVERKS LAG LAG 2 – DATALINK LAG LAG 1 – FYSISK LAG

ARP- Svitsj IPv4 (Unicast) VET IKKE H2’s MAC BRUKER ARP REQUEST FOR Å FINNE UT. (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) Host 3 Svitsj 1 Host 1 F 0/1 F 0/3 F 0/2 Host 2 H1 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 192.168.1.2 S1 MAC TABELL MAC PORT H2 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 H1 ØNSKER Å PINGE H2 MEN ARP- TABELLEN MANGLER MAC- ADRESSA TIL H2. Vi setter Broadcast med MAC på Etherframe’n FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF = FLOODING. OSI MODELLEN LAG 7 – APPLIKASJONS LAG LAG 6 – PRESENTASJONS LAG LAG 5 – SESJONS LAG LAG 4 – TRANSPORT LAG LAG 3 – NETTVERKS LAG LAG 2 – DATALINK LAG LAG 1 – FYSISK LAG

ARP- Svitsj IPv4 (Unicast) Host 3 Svitsj 1 Host 1 F 0/1 F 0/3 F 0/2 Host 2 H1 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 S1 MAC TABELL MAC PORT 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0001 F 0/1 H2 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 OSI MODELLEN LAG 7 – APPLIKASJONS LAG LAG 6 – PRESENTASJONS LAG LAG 5 – SESJONS LAG LAG 4 – TRANSPORT LAG LAG 3 – NETTVERKS LAG LAG 2 – DATALINK LAG LAG 1 – FYSISK LAG 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 H3 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.3 CC00.7C87.0003 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001

ARP- Svitsj IPv4 (Unicast) Host 3 Svitsj 1 Host 1 F 0/1 F 0/3 F 0/2 Host 2 H1 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 S1 MAC TABELL MAC PORT CC00.7C87.0001 192.168.1.2 F 0/1 H2 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 CC00.7C87.0002 F 0/2 OSI MODELLEN LAG 7 – APPLIKASJONS LAG LAG 6 – PRESENTASJONS LAG LAG 5 – SESJONS LAG LAG 4 – TRANSPORT LAG LAG 3 – NETTVERKS LAG LAG 2 – DATALINK LAG LAG 1 – FYSISK LAG 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001

ARP- Svitsj IPv4 (Unicast) Host 3 Svitsj 1 Host 1 F 0/1 F 0/3 F 0/2 Host 2 H1 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 S1 MAC TABELL MAC PORT F 0/1 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 CC00.7C87.0001 H2 ARP TABELL IP MAC 192.168.1.2 CC00.7C87.0002 CC00.7C87.0002 F 0/2 OSI MODELLEN LAG 7 – APPLIKASJONS LAG LAG 6 – PRESENTASJONS LAG LAG 5 – SESJONS LAG LAG 4 – TRANSPORT LAG LAG 3 – NETTVERKS LAG LAG 2 – DATALINK LAG LAG 1 – FYSISK LAG 192.168.1.1 CC00.7C87.0001 NÅ ER ALLE TABELLER OPPDATERT OG H1 KAN PINGE H2. SVITSJEN FORWARDER NÅ BARE PAKKEN FRA F 0/1 TIL F 0/2 DIREKTE

FILMER OM ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ARP HUB ARP 1-Switch, 3-Hosts ARP 3-Switches, 4-Hosts ARP Router

IP v. 6

What is IPv6 -- Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) and it is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) reviewed in the IETF standards committees to replace the current version of IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). IPv6 is the successor to Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). It was designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol and will, in fact, coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv6 was born out of concern that the demand for IP addresses would exceed the available supply.

The Difference Between IPv6 and IPv4 IP Addresses An IP address is binary numbers but can be stored as text for human readers.  For example, a 32-bit numeric address (IPv4) is written in decimal as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP address written in hexadecimal and separated by colons. An example IPv6 address could be written like this: 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf

Hvorfor IPv6 ?...Tomt for IPv4 adresser While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most often-talked about benefit of IPv6, there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP protocol: - No more NAT (Network Address Translation) - Auto-configuration - No more private address collisions - Better multicast routing - Simpler header format - Simplified, more efficient routing - True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling" - Built-in authentication and privacy support - Flexible options and extensions - Easier administration

The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space. The length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits, compared with 32 bits in IPv4. The address space therefore has 2128 or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses. By comparison, this amounts to approximately 4.8×1028 addresses for each of the seven billion people alive in 2011 or one million pr m^2 on earth.

Menesker på jorden= 7000 000 000 (2015) IPv4: 2^32 = 4294967296 = 0,6 pr stk. 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 Vi gikk tom for disse adressene i midten av 2011. MAC: 2^48 = 2,81*10^14 = 40210 pr stk. 00000000:00000000:00000000:00000000:00000000:00000000 The EUI-48 is expected to have its address space exhausted by the year 2100. IPv6: 2^128 = 3,4*10^38 = 4,86*10^28 pr stk. 0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000 Eller 1 mill. pr. kvm på jorda. Vi går aldri tomt for disse adressene. ___________________________________

Standard for SLAAC /64 VHA EUI-64 IPv6 Standard for SLAAC /64 VHA EUI-64

IPv6 8 Words * 16 Bits pr word = 128 bits address

IPv6 -SUBNET

Link Local Address (LLA) Kun for Datalink Laget (lag2) og er ikke Rutbar All IPv6 Link-local Addresses (LLA) share the same network identifier fe80::/10 Tilordnes automatisk ved tilkobling til en Svitsj med andre Noder

SPESIELLE ADRESSER KAN SETTES MANUELT (for LAB / LAG2 komm.) IPv6 MÅ ha LLA på alle NIC for å kjøre NDP, men LLA er ikke Rutbar. I tillegg kan man ha flere andre IPv6 adresser på samme NIC (Rutbare) Unique Local Addresses fc00::/7 or fd00::/7 Link Local Address fe80::/64 Site-local addresses fec0::/48 Loopback address is ::1 Broadcast Address = Not applicable in IPv6 IPv6 multicast addresses ff00::/8 Internet address classes = Not applicable in IPv6 Unspecified address is :: Global 2000::/3 KAN SETTES MANUELT (for LAB / LAG2 komm.) SMÅ MILJØ KAN BRUKE SLAAC I STØRRE MILJØ BRUKES DHCPv6 VIA ROUTER / SERVER

Abbreviations For convenience, an IPv6 address may be abbreviated to shorter notations by application of the following rules, where possible.

RULE 1 One or more leading zeroes from any groups of hexadecimal digits are removed; this is usually done to either all or none of the leading zeroes. For example, the group 0042 is converted to 42.

RULE 2 Consecutive sections of zeroes are replaced with a double colon (::). The double colon may only be used once in an address.

An example of application of these rules: Initial address: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 After removing all leading zeroes: 2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329 After omitting consecutive sections of zeroes: 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329

Network ID for LLA Interface ID (NIC) Zone ID Port nr. [Fe80::4d3d:3426:46e6:1457%1]:5004 [Fe80:: 4432:34d6:e6e6:b122%2]:5004 %1 and %2 indicate that the preceding networks are connected to the zone IDs 1 and 2 respectively.

PING AN IPv6 LLA-ADDRESS An important fact to remember is that zone IDs are relative to the sending host. For instance, if you want to ping another computer's LLA you have to specify your computer's network adapter zone ID at the end of the target computer IP address.

PING AN IPv6 LLA-ADDRESS For example, in the command ; PING fe80::4d3d:3426:46e6:1457%2 the address is of the computer you want to PING while the zone ID (%2) corresponds to the network interface of YOUR computer.

BRUK IPCONFIG FOR Å FINNE IPV6 LLA-ADRESSE OG ZONE ID.

PINGING MED RIKTIG OG GAL ZONE-ID

Ping IPv6 using DNS host name Open command prompt and type the following command; ping -6 {host.name} ping -6 ipv6.google.com

NDP and ICMPv6

IPv6 Autokonfigurasjon (LLA) Bruker Neighbor Discovery Protocol (=ARP i IPv4) Gjelder kun HOST’s, ikke Routere

Typer Autokonfigurasjon

Autokonfigurasjonsprosessen

Teredo tunneling A transition technologythat gives full IPv6 connectivity for IPv6-capable hosts which are on theIPv4 Internet but which have no direct native connection to an IPv6 network. Teredo is designed as a last resort transition technology and is intended to be a temporary measure: in the long term, all IPv6 hosts should use native IPv6 connectivity. Teredo should therefore be disabled when native IPv6 connectivity becomes available

IP SCANNEREN SOFT PERFECT WINDOWS(10) FIL-UTFORSKER

VLAN generell

PraksisOppgave - IPv6

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