• What is CERN? • General overview of CERN • What is LHC? • The LHC accelerator and LHC challenges • Student projects at CERN • Range of subjects, examples.

Presentasjon om: "• What is CERN? • General overview of CERN • What is LHC? • The LHC accelerator and LHC challenges • Student projects at CERN • Range of subjects, examples."— Utskrift av presentasjonen:

1 • What is CERN? • General overview of CERN • What is LHC? • The LHC accelerator and LHC challenges • Student projects at CERN • Range of subjects, examples of NTNU Master’s thesis at CERN • Working at CERN • Professional environment, life in the Geneva region Jens VIGEN, CERN/ DSU Nils HØIMYR CERN / IT CERN – for HIG students

2 • CERN is the world's largest particle physics centre • Particle physics is about: - elementary particles which all matter in the Universe is made of - fundamental forces which hold matter together • Particles physics requires: - special tools to create and study new particles What is CERN? CERN is: - ~ 2500 staff scientists (physicists, engineers, …) - 2000 Sub-contractors - Some 6500 visiting scientists (half of the world's particle physicists) They come from 500 universities representing 80 nationalities.

3 Mont Blanc, 4810 m Downtown Geneva CERN Site

4 What is CERN? The special tools for particle physics are: • ACCELERATORS, huge machines able to speed up particles to very high energies before colliding them into other particles • DETECTORS, massive instruments which register the particles produced when the accelerated particles collide

5 • Physicists smash particles into each other to: - identify their components - create new particles - reveal the nature of the interactions between them - create an environment similar to the one present at the origin of our Universe • What for? To answer fundamental questions like: how did the Universe begin? What is the origin of mass? What is the nature of antimatter? What is CERN?

6 The World Wide Web was invented here, to improve and speed-up the information sharing between physicists working all over the world! What is CERN?

7 • CERN has made many important discoveries, but our current understanding of the Universe is still incomplete! • Higher energy collisions are the key to further discoveries of more massive particles (E=mc 2 ) • One particle predicted by theorists remains elusive: the Higgs boson What is CERN?

8 • To answer questions still open, CERN is building the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) • The LHC will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate elementary particles • If the Higgs boson exists, the LHC will almost certainly find it What is CERN?

9 • LHC will collide beams of protons at an energy of 14 TeV • Using the latest super-conducting technologies, it will operate at 1.9K (about –271 0 C), just above absolute zero of temperature. • With its 27 km circumference, the accelerator will be the largest superconducting installation in the world. What is LHC? LHC is due to switch on in 2007 Four experiments, with detectors as ‘big as cathedrals’: ALICE ATLAS CMS LHCb

10 Example of complexity: ATLAS

11 • A particle collision = an event • Physicist's goal is to count, trace and characterize all the particles produced and fully reconstruct the process. • Among all tracks, the presence of “special shapes” is the sign for the occurrence of interesting interactions. One way to find the Higgs boson: look for characteristic decay pattern producing 4 muons The LHC Data Challenge

12 LHC data • 40 million collisions per second • After filtering, 100 collisions of interest per second • A Megabyte of data digitised for each collision = recording rate of 0.1 Gigabytes/sec • 10 10 collisions recorded each year = 10 Petabytes/year of data CMSLHCbATLASALICE 1 Megabyte (1MB) A digital photo 1 Gigabyte (1GB) = 1000MB A DVD movie 1 Terabyte (1TB) = 1000GB World annual book production 1 Petabyte (1PB) = 1000TB Annual production of one LHC experiment 1 Exabyte (1EB) = 1000 PB World annual information production

13 LHC data LHC data correspond to about 20 million CDs each year! Concorde (15 Km) Balloon (30 Km) CD stack with 1 year LHC data! (~ 20 Km) Mt. Blanc (4.8 Km) Where will the experiments store all of these data?

14 Computing for LHC • Problem: CERN alone can provide only a fraction of the necessary computing resources • Solution: Bring the LHC data to the users! Computing centers, which were isolated in the past, should now be connected, uniting the computing resources of particle physicists in the world! Europe: 267 institutes 4603 users Elsewhere: 208 institutes 1632 users

15 What is the Grid? • The World Wide Web provides seamless access to information that is stored in many millions of different geographical locations • In contrast, the Grid is an emerging infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe. •Aka: Power Grid, distributed computing, metacomputing

16 Teknologijobber ved CERN • Ingeniørvitenskap og teknologi – Kuldeteknikk, prosessteknikk, vakuumteknologi – Elektronikk, elkraft – Prosjektadministrasjon – Tekniske drift og vedlikeholdsaktiviter – Bygg og anlegg, VVS • IT – Tungregning, GRID – Nettverk, Kommunikasjon, Datasikkerhet – Kontrollsystemer (kybernetikk) – Systemutvikling, databaser – Informasjonssystemer, etc • Fysikk og forskning – Partikkelfysikk (mange om beinet!) – Detektorutvikling, signalbehandling, elektronikk – Materialfysikk

17 Eksempler på diplomer ved CERN • Prosess og kuldeteknikk – L'air liquide 6kW cryoplant for covering ATLAS detector cooling needs – Heat exchangers in the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter – Contribution to the dynamic analysis and optimal control of the superfluid helium cooling loop for the LHC magnet string – Cryoplant process simulation program • Ingeniørvitenskap og teknologi – Computerized process planning for Mechanical workshops – FEM Structural Analysis of vacuum chamber for the CERN JetSET experiment – Optimized project coordination of distributed projects via the mile-stone method (Case from ATLAS) – Quality Assurance Procedures in a Large Engineering project with help of PDM (Case from LHC coordination) – Technology Transfer at CERN - a study on inter-organizational knowledge transfer within multinational R&D collaborations • IT – Software Distribution Techniques for Large Scale Computer Systems Using SmartFrog – Linking CAD/CAM with Physics Simulation tools using the ISO STEP standard

18 Bra start på karrieren • Opphold ved CERN gir internasjonal erfaring og nettverk som verdsettes senere • De fleste studenter og fellows fra CERN har gått videre til gode jobber, selv i dårlige tider • Eksempler på tidligere CERN studenter og ansatte: – Rolf Skår, gründer av Norsk Data – Håkon Lie, CTO Opera Software – Bjørn Erik Reinseth, Ferd venture, tidligere direktør av Bredbåndsfabrikken og Sense Communications

19 Virke i et utfordrende milj ø • Faglig – På mange felt har CERN unike krav • Mellommenneskelig – CERN yter tjenester til 80 forskjellige nasjonaliteter • Sosialt – Utenfor CERNs gjerder snakker ikke alle engelsk...

20 En typisk arbeidsdag • Hva kan du gj øre for CERN? –CERN-kulturen fordrer initiativ • Hva gj ør CERN for deg? –Kurs: språk, ledelse, kommunikasjon, teknikk osv. –Tid til egenutvikling • "Kjernetid" 8.30-17.30 – Dog svært fleksibelt med en god lunsjpause

21 Et stimulerende milj ø • Banebrytende vitenskapsfolk – Nobelprisvinnere, primadonnaer, hippier.... • WWW ble utviklet på CERN i 1990 – "Interesting, but vague" • Akademiske foredrag – Forelesninger

22 Eminente besøk...

23 CERN er ikke bare for nerder… • Alpene er ikke langt unna • Internasjonalt miljø, fransk og engelsk offisielle språk • Sentral beliggenhet, 3 timer med tog til Paris og Milano

24 Aktiviteter i Genève og omegn • Ski • Fjellturer • Klatring • Seiling • Luftsport • Badstu • Generell turisme

25 Norsk miljø i Genève • Ansatte ved CERN – Spiser sammen, sosial omgang • Sj ømannskirke med leseværelse –Mor og barn treff, barnegruppe, gudstjenester osv. • Norsk kor i Genève – (Evt. Internasjonalt norsk kor i Genève) • Nordisk klubb – Tradisjonelle fester

26 Ta diplomen ved CERN! • Gode stipendordninger • Søknadsfrist: 16 oktober • Jobbmuligheter også for nyutdannede Ingeniører – Fellowship (frist 8 september) og diverse andre stillingskategorier Mere info her: http://www.cern.ch/jobs (følg “Students”) http://cern.ch/norway