1 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Status for teknologiutvikling – CO 2 -fangst fra kraftverk Olav Bolland Professor ved Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet – NTNU Leder av Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF EnergiRikekonferansen august, 2008 Haugesund

2 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland NTNU & SINTEF: CCS § Aktivitet siden 1986 § Årlig FoU-budsjett innen CCS på 11 million Euro –Nasjonale prosjekter 60%, EU-prosjekter 40% § Europas største FoU-prosjekt innen CCS – BIGCO2 § NTNU & SINTEF største aktør innen EUs CCS- prosjektportefølje. § Omfattende nettverk med over 40 industrielle partnere i samarbeidsprosjekter § Samarbeid med universiteter; Tsinghua, MIT, Regina, Austin, ETH, Stuttgart

3 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Emission of CO 2 IEA, 2006, World Energy Outlook IEA predicts: CO 2 emission growth rate 1.7%/y Increase : 26  40 Gt CO 2 /yr  =550 Mt/yr of which the increase comes from: Power generation ≈50% = 7.1 Gt CO 2 /yr  =270 Mt/yr Transport 21% Industry 18%

4 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Oljen tar snart slutt, vel….. Based on Brandt and Farrell, Scraping the bottom of the barrel: Greenhouse gas emission consequences of a transition to low-quality and synthetic petroleum resources, Climate Change, 2007

5 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Oil sand – Ft. McMurray, Canada Foto: Olav Bolland

6 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Hvordan forholde seg til global oppvarming?

7 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland

8 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Uttynning av CO 2 - Post- combustion Pressure  1 atm

9 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Post-combustion suppliers - 1 § Fluor Econamine FG Plus Process –30wt% MEA + inhibitors for oxidative degradation and corrosion –23 commercial plants, of which 9 plants capture more than 60 ton/day (22 kton/year), 7 are still in operation –Lubbock, Texas, , capture from gas combustion, 400 kton/year for EOR purposes –Bellingham, MA-USA, capture from GT exhaust, 122 kton/year (shutdown in 2005)

10 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Post-combustion suppliers - 2 § Kerr-McGee/ABB Lummus –15-20%wt MEA without inhibitors –North American Chemical Company in Troy, Ca, coal flue gas, 290 kton/year, operating since 1979 –320 MW coal fired plant at Applied Energy System, Oklahoma, USA, 73 kton/year, since 1991 –Soda Ash Botswana in Sue Pan, Botswana, 110 kton/year, since 1991 –180 MW Warrior Run coal fired power plant in Maryland, USA, 55 kton/year, since 1999

11 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Post-combustion suppliers - 3 § The Mitsubishi Heavy Industries KM-CDR Process –KS-1, hindered amine with possibly a promotor –Petronas plant, Malaysia, capture from steam reformer syngas, 73 kton/year for fertilizer production, operating since 1999 –Fukuoka, Japan, capture from natural gas/oil fired boilers, 120 kton/year

12 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Post-combustion technology developers § Cansolv –Amine DC101, based on tertiary amines, and probably includes a promoter to yield sufficient absorption rates to be used for low pressure § Alstom –Chilled ammonia process – using aqueous NH 3 in a absorption/desorption process, NH 3 mainly present as ammonia carbonate and bicarbonate § Aker Clean Carbon Just Catch process –Working with a number of other companies to get in position as EPC contractor for post-combustion plants – claims to have a low cost concept § HTC Purenergy/Bechtel –PSR solvent, process design § BASF –Working on development of activated (Piperazine) MDEA for CO 2 capture from low-pressure gases

13 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Post-combustion trends § Amine degradation, oxidation, corrosion (SO x, COS, C 2 S, NO x, O 2, fly ash) § Reduction of energy consumption, < 4 MJ/kg CO 2 § Process optimisation (split flow, absorber intercooling) § New solvents or solvent mixtures § Emission to air § Membranes at high-pressure

14 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland

15 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Pre-combustion - principle Gasifier Reformer Coal Shift H 2 CO H 2 CO 2 capture H2H2 CO 2 Split the C x H y -molecules into H 2 and CO 2 Transfer heating value from C x H y to H 2 Separate CO 2 from H 2 to combustion Oxidizer H 2 O O 2 Oil Natural gas

16 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland IGCC without CO 2 capture Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

17 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland IGCC with CO 2 capture Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

18 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Co-generation of power and hydrogen with CO 2 capture

19 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Uttynning av CO 2 - Pre- combustion Pressure  atm

20 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Integrating pre-combustion steps

21 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland

22 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland

23 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Oxy-combustion – 30 MW thermal, lignite/brown-coal Vattenfall demo in Schwarze Pumpe Source: Jordal et al. 2004

24 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Oxy-combustion - natural gas

25 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Oxy-combustion med høy-temperatur membran Source: Sven Gunnar Sundkvist, Oct l High-temperature ceramic materials for gas separation l Potential for high efficiency l Durability must be better

26 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)

27 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Uttynning av CO 2 oxy- combustion

28 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Technology status

29 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland § Commerical: q Capture of CO 2 from natural gas and syngas q Post-combustion capture from flue gas of natural gas and coal fired systems with amine absorption Ø a number of plants exists Ø suppliers able to give commercial guarantees (though limited) Ø set-order-to-operation (power plants): 3 years § Close-to-commercial: q Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC) q Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle (IRCC) Ø Technology components mature/well-proven Ø Gas turbines burning H 2 -rich fuel not quite ready Commercially available technology ?

30 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Technology status CO 2 capture in power plants Natural gas High Medium -high Medium -low Low Commercial readiness Improvement potential Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxy-combustion

31 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Technology status CO 2 capture in power plants Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxy-combustion Commercial readiness Coal Commercial readiness Improvement potential Improvement potential High Medium -high Medium -low Low Natural gas

32 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Kostnader for gasskraft som funksjon av gasspris Driftstid 8000 timer per år, virkningsgrad 58%, CO 2 kostnad 25 €/tonn kr/Sm 3 øre/kWh el Gasspris

33 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Kostnader for kullkraft som funksjon av kullpris Driftstid 8000 timer per år, virkningsgrad 46%, CO 2 kostnad 25 €/tonn 1 Euro= 8 kr øre/kWh el €/tonn Kullpris

34 Gassteknisk Senter NTNU – SINTEF Olav Bolland Takk!