Torturforebyggende arbeid i FN Nora Sveaass 27. November 2012

”No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”

Det absolutte forbud mot tortur er nedfelt i •Verdenserklæringen om menneskerettigheter art. 5 •FNs konvensjon om sivile & politiske rettigheter, art. 7 •Den europeiske menneskerettighets konvensjon art. 3 •FNs torturkonvensjon - i sin helhet er viet forbudet mot tortur og annen grusom, umenneskelig og nedverdigende behandling eller straff

Krav om forebygging av tortur i konklusjoner og anbefaliner •Barnekomiteen (CRC) •Komiteen for sivile og politiske rettigheter (CPPR) •Torturkomiteen

Det å hindre at tortur forekommer …….Det ultimate mål i alt arbeid mot tortur og umenneskelig behandling

Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Adopted on 18 December 2002 at the fifty-seventh session of the General Assembly of the United Nations by resolution A/RES/57/199. Entered into force on 22 June Today: 64 ratifications, 72 signatories

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment •Vedtatt i 1984 •Trådte i kraft i 1987 •Totalt 152 land har ratifisert •Rapportering hvert 4 år

Torturkonvensjonen – sentrale prinsipper •Det absolutte forbudet •Staters ansvar med hensyn til forebygging •Non-refoulement •Undervisning – opplæring •Ansvar for undersøke, sanksjonere tortur •Oppreising, kompensasjon til utsatte

The obligation to prevent, Article 2 •2.1. Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. •2.2 No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political in stability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture.

General comment to article 2 - adopted November 2007 •Stating the non-derogable nature of prohibition and prevention both of torture and ill-treatment •Obligation to take effective measures to prevent torture, including by ensuring that legal provisions in fact are enforced •To avoid legal loopholes that create impunity

Scope of State obligations •Each State Party should prohibit, prevent and redress torture and ill-treatment in all contexts of custody or control, for example, in prisons, hospitals, schools, institutions that engage in the care of children, the aged, the mentally ill or disabled, in military serice and other institutions as well as contexts where the failure of the State to intervene encourages and enhances the danger of privately inflicted harm (par. 15, p.4).

Private actors and non-state officials •Where state authorities know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment are being committed by non-State officials or private actors and they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such non- State officials or private sectors consitently with this convention, the State bears responisbility……

•Since the failure of the State to exercise due diligence to intervene to stop, sanction and provide remedies to victims of torture facilitates and enables non-State actors to commit acts impermissible under the Convention with impunity, the State’s indifference or inaction provides a form of encouragement and/or de facto permission. The Committee has applied this principle to States parties’ failure to prevent and protect victims from gender-based violence, such as rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation, and trafficking.

Forbud og forebygging •Klare krav om uavhengig og regelmessig monitorering •Gode systemer for klage og klagebehandling og oppfølging •Opplæring av politi, rettssystemet, helsepersonell og andre i torturkonvensjonen •Og i manualen for å oppdage og dokumenter tortur og CIDT – Istanbul protokollen

Assessment and documentation of torture and consequences of torture Betydningen av å kunne utrede og dokumentere tortur Det er utviklet en egen manual som angir tilnærming og betydning av dette Både CAT og Subkomitteen (SPT) understreker betydningen av at denne manualen benyttes aktivt

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Geneva PROFESSIONAL TRAINING SERIES No. 8/Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2004 Istanbul Protocol Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Arrticle 20 •If the Committee receives reliable information which appears to it to contain well-founded indications that torture s being systematically practiced in the territory of a State Party the Committee shall invite that State Party to cooperate in the examination of the information and to this end to submit observartions with regard to the information concerned

Tortur forebygging: Op cat •Analysere forhold som representerer risiko for tortur •En holistisk tilnærming til alle relevante faktorer som kan preget forhold og behandling av mennesker som er frihetsberøvet •Besøk til steder hvor mennesker som er frihetsberøvet oppholder seg – nøkkelen til tortur forebygging •Dialog og samarbeid med myndigheter for informasjon og oppfølging av rapporter